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漫话形体诗

作者:何功杰

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  罗马的著名诗人贺拉斯在他的《诗艺》中指出:“一首诗仅具有美是不够的,还必须有魅力,必须按作者愿望左右读者的心灵。”一首真正美好的诗,总是有某种魅力吸引着读者,或以其深邃的哲理令人心悦诚服,或以其璀璨夺目的连珠妙语令人赞赏不绝,或以其饶有兴趣的比喻和意象令人浮想联翩,或以其强烈的节奏,声义结合的声韵令人惊佩不已。当我们仔细分析一首形体诗时,它们不也有这样的魅力吗?何况形体诗中拟物的形体还可以增加视觉感,让人观赏呢?
  诚然,我们应该承认,形体诗和其他任何一类文学体裁一样,有它的局限性,如有一些形体诗只可观赏,不可诵读;即使可以诵读的形体诗,若不看其形体,听起来也大有所失。另外,这种诗体的最大局限性在于它所能表现的事物是有限的:“它们的形体可以表现翅膀,瓶子,沙漏及祭坛的轮廓,但它们能表现多少这样有形之物呢?”(《诗的格律和形式》,1965年纽约Random House出版;转译自X·J·肯尼迪的《英诗入门》)。然而,笔者以为,从读一首好的形体诗中所获得的乐趣并不亚于从读一首传统诗歌中所获得的乐趣,不知中国读者感受如何?
  
  主要参考书目:
  
  [1]A.C.Ward:Longman Companion to Twentieth Century Literature,3rded.(revised by Maurice Hussey),Longman Group Limited,1985.
  [2] Authur M.Eastman,ect.:The Norton Anthology of Poetry,Shorter Edition,W.W.Norton & Company Inc., New York,1970.
  [3] Comprehensive Study Guide to Fourteen Poems by E.E.Cummings,by the Literary Study Guides Association,Taipei,Taiwan,1974;Hong Kong edition by World Today Press,Hong Kong,Dec.,1977.
  [4] J.A.Cudden:A Dictionary of Literary Terms,Revised Edition,W.& L.Mackay Limited,Chatham,Great Britain.1979.
  [5] Laurence Perrine:Literature:Structure,Sound and Sense,Harcourt,Brace & World,Inc.,New York,1970.
  [6]Louis Simpson:An Introduction to Poetry,2nded.,St.Martin's Press,New York,1972.
  [7]Maurice Hussey:Poetry 16001660,Longman Group Limited,1981.
  [8]M.H.Abrams,etc.:The Norton Anthology of English Literature,3rd ed.,W.W.Norton & Company,Inc.,New York,1974.
  [9]The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,15thed.,1982.
  [10]The Poetic Works of George Herbert and Reginald Heber,Gall & Inglis,London and Edinburgh.
  [11]X.J.Kennedy:An Introduction to Poetry,5thed.,Little,Brown and Company,Boston,1982.
  [12]朱光潜:《朱光潜美术文集》(第二集),上海文艺出版社,1983。
  

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