首页 -> 2007年第2期
合作学习对转化小学“学差生”的实验研究
作者:蒋 波 谭顶良
4.2 合作学习对学差生社会性发展的影响
通过合作学习,与对照班相比,尽管实验班学差生同伴关系的被接纳度和接纳度的增益值没有达到显著水平,但较合作学习之前都有所提高。这是由于,合作学习在相当大的程度上改善了学差生的处境,明显降低了优等生、中等生对学差生的拒绝程度。但是,通过课堂观察发现,学差生基础较为薄弱,尽管在同伴的帮助下,其学业成绩和行为表现依然鲜有起色。学生们更喜欢与那些能帮助他们达到目标的伙伴在一起学习,而讨厌那些破坏他们目标实现的人[5]。在进行小组总结时,学生们往往将小组失败的原因归结为学差生的不力。同伴对学差生的信心有所降低,热情有所削弱,甚至重新忽视、排斥他们,使得学差生的被接纳度难以得到明显提高,相应地,学差生的接纳度的提高也并不显著。
通过合作学习,实验班学差生自尊水平的增益值显著高于对照班。小组合作学习使得学差生有机会发表自己的观点,有展现自己能力特长的舞台,从而体现自我价值。开展合作学习后,每个学生都在进行自我竞赛,都有均等的成功机会,都有能力为小组的成功贡献自己的力量,从而获得他人尊重,提升自尊水平。由于学差生的个人基础分较低,他们很容易取得较高的个人提高分,为小组获胜添加重要砝码,使得他们在获得个人成功与小组成功的同时,体验到成功的快乐。在得到同伴和教师的认可赞赏后,能增加自信心和自我效能感,能较大程度地获得自尊感,提高自尊水平。即使小组没有取得成功,在教师的指导下,通过小组总结反思,进行合理归因并寻求对策,也不会降低学生的自信和自尊水平。
通过合作学习,实验班学差生的社交焦虑水平显著低于对照班。传统的课堂教学中,学差生由于知识基础薄弱,学业成绩较差,人际关系不良,而且又得不到教师和同学及时有效的监控和帮助,在与同伴交往中经常遭到挫折,容易产生社交焦虑心理。而合作学习使学差生得到的更可能是帮助而不是嘲笑,各组的监督员和协调员都积极地维持小组成员交流的秩序,坚决反对攻击、嘲笑学差生的不良行为。同伴之间开始相互认可和接纳,相互尊重和喜爱,使得学差生社交焦虑的程度不断降低,敢于、乐于同同伴进行交往,交往由原来的害怕、逃避和忧虑逐渐转化为喜欢、热衷和坦然。
5 结论
实验表明,与对照班相比,进行合作学习的学差生的学业成绩有较大提高,其中,数学成绩达到显著水平,同伴关系得到改善,自尊水平显著提高,社交焦虑水平显著降低。由此表明:合作学习是转化小学“学差生”的可行的有效的方法。
参考文献
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2 Gabbert B, Johnson D W, Johnson R T. Cooperative learning, group-to-individual transfer, process gain, and the acquisition of cognitive reasoning strategies. The Journal of Psychology, 1986,120(3): 265-278
3 Johnson D W, Johnson R T, Roy P, et al. Oral interaction in cooperative learning groups: speaking, listening, and the nature of statements made by high-, medium-, and low-achieving students. The Journal of Psychology, 1985,119(4):303-321
4 Madden N A, Slavin R E. Effects of cooperative learning on the social acceptance of mainstreamed academically handicapped students. Journal of Special Education, 1983,17(2): 171-181
5 秦金亮.学生在学习中竞争与合作研究的理论模型述评.教育理论与实践,1993, 13(2): 63
An Experimental Research on Transforming Students
with Learning Disabilities through Cooperative
Learning in Primary Schools
JIANG Bo TAN Dingliang
(School of Education, Jiangsu Teachers University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001
School of Educational Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210097)
Abstract
With 12-week intervention in teaching, this research uses nonequivalent group design between pre-test and post-test and uses the peer-relationship questionnaire, the Self-Esteem Scale (SES) and Social Anxiety Scale for Children (SASC) as the measurement tools to probe into the feasibility of transforming students with learning disabilities through cooperative learning in class in primary schools,and to examine cooperative learning's influence on the academic achievement,peerrelationship,selfesteem and social anxiety of students with learning disabilities. The results show that compared with the control group, those students who accept cooperative learning can greatly improve their academic achievements. In particular, their achievement of mathematics has a significant difference. Their peer relationship has been improved a lot. Their self-esteem increases and social anxiety decreases significantly. It indicates that cooperative learning is the effective approach to transform students with learning disabilities, which is not only necessary, but also entirely feasible.
Key words
cooperative learning students with learning disabilities academic achievement sociality
(责任编校:刘玉娟)
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