首页 -> 2007年第5期

基于合同文体特征的国际贸易实务双语教学

作者:孙超平




  析:modification or alternation 两个词并列使用,是为了强调它们之间的差别,达到词义互补的目的,他们分别对应中文含义“修改”和“变更”。
  2.3通过使用古体词确保合同条款的正式规范性
  合同文本中所使用的英语是一种“庄重文体”,在用词方面多采用古体词,旨在确保合同条文的正式性、严肃性、规范性和准确性;使句子精炼紧凑,增加合同条款的严谨性[7]。
  例3.This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between the Seller and the Buyer and the Seller whereby agrees to sell and the Buyer agrees to buy the under-mentioned commodity under the terms and conditions specified as follows.双方同意按照下列条款由卖方出售、买方购进下列货物。
  析:例句中的“hereby”相当于“as a result of this statement”,但是前者比后者不仅简洁,而且正规;同样,“whereby”相当于“by that”,但是比“by that”用词简洁。类似的古体词还有:hereafter (after this in the contract),herein(in this contract),hereinafter(later and including… in the same contract),hereof(of this contract),hereunder(under this contract),hereon(about the point mentioning),thereafter(after that/),thereby (by that point/means),therein(to the point referred),thereinafter(after/since that point on),thereof(of that point mentioned),thereupon(therefore),whereas(considering),wherein(in terms and conditions),whereof (of the point noted),whereon(on the point referred to)。
  2.4通过情态动词体现合同当事人之间的义务
  合同的核心是合同义务。因此,表示履行义务的字眼“应”、“须”、“应当”在外贸合同文本中出现频率很高。“shall”表明合同条款内容为“强制性规范”,即当事人必须遵守,否则就构成违约[7]。除了频繁使用“shall”之外,合同文本中间还经常使用“must”和“be bound to do something”等字眼来说明合同当事人之间的义务。由于权利具有“选择性”的特征,因此合同文本经常使用“may”或“be entitled to do something”来说明当事人对权利的选择。
  例4.On FOB,CFR and CIF basis,the Seller shall,immediately upon the completion of the loading of the goods,give a shipping notice to the Buyer by Telex/Fax.在FOB、CFR和CIF条件下,卖方在货物装船完毕后应立即以电传/传真向买方发出装船通知。
  析:FOB、CFR和CIF属于装运合同,卖方需要承担的一项基本义务是在规定时间内将货物在指定装运港装上买方指定的船只,并发出装船通知。尤其是在FOB和CFR合同中,及时发出装船通知至关重要,因为这关系到买方能否及时地为进口货物办理保险。通过运用情态动词“shall”来说明卖方及时发出装船通知的必要性和重要性。
  2.5通过should引导的虚拟语气委婉说明可能会出 现的情况
  “should”应用于合同文本时,表示不太可能发生的情况,常用来表示“万一”,实际上是“if”引导的虚拟条件从句的省略倒装形式。
  例5.All disputes arising from the Contract shall,through amicable negotiation by the parties thereto,be settled.Should through negotiation no settlement be reached,the case in question shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission and the arbitration rules of this Commission shall be applied.因履行本合同所发生的一切争议,双方应友好协商解决,如协商不能解决争议,则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会,依据其仲裁规则仲裁。
  析:合同文本中的“Should through negotiation no settlement be reached”相当于“if no settlement should be reached through negotiation”,表达万一可能会出现的争议通过协商不能解决,需要提交仲裁委员会进行裁决的情况。
  2.6通过运用被动语态体现合同文本的严谨性
  合同是规定交易各方权利和义务的文书,文字表述应该客观公正,行文得体,措词严谨庄重,因而外贸合同文本经常使用被动句。在合同文本中使用被动句的主要原因包括:施事者可以在上下文中得以认定;强调受事者;体现行文结构紧凑流畅,达到承前启后的目的;出于礼貌、委婉的需要,不便指出施事者;行为的结果非常重要;行为人不确定;若受事者在句子的尾部,难以引起注意,因此使用倒装结构[7]。
  例6.Partial shipment and the transshipment are not allowed.不允许分批装运或转船。
  析:根据国际商会《跟单信用证统一惯例》规定:“除非信用证另有规定,允许分批装运或转船。”合同文本通过使用被动语态来明确说明分批装运或转船的不可行性,以达到强调的目的。
  2.7通过使用长句取得缜密严谨的效果
  为了避免挂一漏万,尽可能做到面面俱到,合同文本倾向于使用重复的同义词、并列结构等成分,较多的修饰语和较多的层次结构。
  例7.In case the quality and/or quantity/weight of the goods found by the Buyer are not in conformity with the provisions of the Contract after arrival of the goods at the port of destination,the Buyer may lodge claim with the Seller on such strength of the inspection certificate issued by an inspection organization as is agreed by the Parties to the Contract,with the exception,however,of those claims for which the insurance company and/or the shipping company are to be held responsible.在货物运抵目的港后,一旦发现货物之质量、数量和重量与合同规定的不符,买方可以凭借双方同意的检验组织所出具的检验证书,向卖方索赔。但是,应由保险公司或航运公司负责承担的损失除外。
  

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