跳水
The sport of diving began in Europe in the early 1800s when Swedish
and German gymnasts took their acrobatics to the beach to practise their
jumps and twists over water. Diving was originally considered a diversion
from gymnastics, and was only seen as a sport in its own right in the late
19th century. 跳水运动开始于19世纪早期的欧洲，当时瑞典和德国体操选手在海
面上练习跳跃和翻转。跳水就被看作是这些体操选手的一种娱乐项目，在19世纪末
期被看作为一种体育运动。
History
历史
Diving from a Rock, 6th c.B.C.
What could be more exhilarating than watching a diver execute a dive
with twists and turns in mere fractions of seconds before plunging through
the water? A sport of grace and finesse, diving also involves considerable
speed, as the diver's body can hit the water's surface going faster than
a car traveling through town, making diving a unique blend of athletic and
artistic talents. No one knows exactly when diving officially began, but
people have been jumping off cliffs and into the sea for millennia. Historical
evidence suggests that it dates back at least to Greece's ancient Games.
Long before the modern springboard and platform, people dived off cliffs
and bridges into the water below, invigorated by the adrenaline rush as
they descended through the air and plunged into the water below. Diving
developed further as an athletic discipline in 17th-century Europe, when
gymnasts practiced their acrobatics over water. The first official diving
competition took place in 1880 in England. Initially, the only dive was
a straight forward one, resembling a swimmer's standard entry into the pool.
没有比观看跳水运动员入水之前短短几秒之内做转体等跳水动作更让人愉悦的
了。跳水不仅动作优雅讲究技巧，而且具有相当快的速度，因为跳水运动员的身体
触水时，速度能够快于穿越市区的汽车，这使得跳水成为运动和艺术独一无二的完
美结合。无人确切知道跳水正式始于何时，但从悬崖跳入水中的活动已有数千年历
史。史料证实跳水的起源至少要追溯到希腊远古的比赛。在现代跳板和跳台发明之
前的很长一段时间里，人们都是从悬崖或桥上跳入水中，在从空中下降直至入水的
过程中，迅速分泌的肾上腺素使得人们产生了兴奋和快乐的感觉。跳水在十七世纪
进一步发展成为一种体育运动。运动员要在水面上完成各种技巧动作。1880年在英
国举行了第一次正式的跳水比赛，最初跳水只有直体向前跳水一种姿势，酷似游泳
者的标准入水。
While swimming and diving are seen as inter-connected sporting disciplines,
part of the same water family so to speak, contemporary diving has more
in common really with gymnastics. In the early 1800s, Swedish and German
gymnasts practiced their somersaults and twists over water. Their practices
became known as fancy diving, a term that stuck until the early 1900s. When
diving debuted at the 1904 Olympics, one of the two events was a plunge
for distance, the goal being to swim the furthest underwater after a dive.
The event was dropped immediately because it was not well received by the
audience -- not really a spectator sport as most of the action happened
under the water. At the 1908 Games in London, the pool was 100m long and
the diving tower was removable. In 1908, springboard diving was added to
the original platform diving event. At the 1912 Stockholm Games "fancy highdiving"
was introduced and it was the first time women were allowed to compete in
their own platform event. Women had a springboard event which began in 1920.
The first concrete diving tower appeared in 1924 in Paris. In the 1920s,
divers grew tired of the slow rotation from rigid take-offs starting with
a straight position. They became fancier as the pike and tuck positions
began to dominate, making multiple somersaults possible.
虽然游泳和跳水因为都是水上运动，而通常被联系在一起，现代跳水与体操却
有着更多相似之处。十九世纪初期，瑞典和德国的体操运动员在水上练习翻滚以及
转体。他们的实践发展成为人们所知的花式跳水，这一词沿用至二十世纪早期。当
跳水在1904年奥运会上初次亮相的时候，两个比赛项目之一是类似跳远一样的跳水，
其目的是让运动员获得冲力以便能在水底下游得最远，该项目不久就被取消了，因
为观众并不看好它，它不是一项真正的观赏性运动。1908年在伦敦举行的奥运会上，
跳水池的长度为100 米，跳台也是可以活动的。那年跳板项目出现，成为继最初的
跳台跳水之后的新项目。1912斯德哥尔摩奥运会上，“花式高台跳水”出现，女子
第一次有了自己的跳台项目。1920年女子跳板项目设立，第一个水泥跳台诞生于1924
年的巴黎。20世纪二十年代时跳水运动员厌倦了缓慢的旋转动作，这是由僵硬的起
跳加直体姿势造成的。当屈体和抱膝成为主要的跳水姿势后，更多的翻腾动作使运
动员有了更加精彩的表现。
More About Diving
Development of World Diving 跳水的发展：
Diving developed in Europe in the 17th century, when gymnasts practised
their acrobatics over water. The modern sport of diving originated in Germany
and Sweden at the beginning of the 19th century. The sports were named springboard
diving, plain high diving, and fancy high diving. Competitive diving first
gained international prominence in the early 20th century, when men ’s
plain high diving debuted as an Olympic event at the 1904 Games. Springboard
diving joined the Games four years later in London, England. Men’s fancy
high diving and women ’s plain high diving became Olympic sports at the
1912 Games in Stockholm, Sweden.
Olympic History 跳水在奥运会上的历史：
Diving was contested at the 1904 Olympics in St. Louis, and its appearance
on the Olympic programme in both springboard and platform events has been
continuous since 1908. The diving programme has been relatively constant
since 1928, with men and women competing in both the 10 metre platform and
the 3 metre springboard events. Prior to that time, a men's event for plain
high diving was on the programme in 1912, 1920 and 1924. Early Olympic competitions
also differed in the heights of the platform and springboard.
Two new events were added to the Olympic programme in 2000 for both
men and women, these being synchronised platform diving and synchronised
springboard diving. These events consist of two divers leaving the platform
or springboard simultaneously and diving together. Usually the athletes
perform the same dive, although occasionally dives which complement each
other are chosen.
Diving Facilities and Equipment 跳水设施：
Platform跳台：
Platform competitions use three heights: 5 m (16.4 ft), 7.5 m (24.6
ft), and 10 m (32.8 ft). The platforms vary in width and length depending
on their height. The 10-m platform is 2 m (6.6 ft) wide and 6 m (19.7 ft)
long. A nonslip material covers the surface and the front edge of the platform,
and handrails surround the back and sides. Many pools have stacked platforms,
with one platform built directly above another. The platform above projects
a minimum of 76 cm (30 in) beyond the platform below, so that the diver
does not hit the lower one on the way down. Collegiate divers may use all
three platform heights during competition. In platform competitions at the
Olympic Games, world championships, and World Cup, 10 m is the standard
height.
Springboard 跳板：
Competitive springboards are 1 m (3.3 ft) and 3 m (9.8 ft) above the
surface of the water. They are made of an aluminum alloy and measure 4.9
m (16 ft) long and .5 m (1.6 ft) wide. Springboards hang over the pool at
least 1.5 m (5 ft) beyond the edge. The last portion of the board is made
of a lightweight material that minimizes the potential for serious injury
if a diver accidentally hits it with the hands, arms, feet, or head. High
school divers use 1-m springboards. Both 1-m and 3-m boards are used in
collegiate competitions, as well as the world championships and World Cup.
Olympic springboard diving is limited to the 3-m competition.
Diving Today：
Diving today is one of the world's most popular sports. Thousands of
people dive every day in some form in almost all of the world's countries.
Many Chinese divers actually go to Diving school when they are very young,
where training and study are of equal importance. In the Olympic games,
diving is always one of the most popular events for its excitement, beauty
and drama.
Amateur Diving业余跳水：
Amateur diving is the organized sport which athletes compete in at swimming
pools around the world. In Amateur competitions, divers compete always against
members of their same sex. There are junior competitions where age is taken
into considerations, and senior competitions which are open to all age groups.
In most cases divers all perform a list of dives. These lists are made up
of easier dives called compulsories, and harder dives called optionals.
The group of compulsory dives has a limit of combined difficulty and must
cover all groups of dives. The optional dives must also cover all groups
of dives, but has no difficulty limit. Some competitions only have optional
dives.
Professional Diving (High Diving高台跳水and Cliff Diving悬崖跳水) ：
Professional diving is when the athletes are paid to perform in some
form of High Diving or Stunt Diving. There are acrobatic diving shows all
over the world in amusement parks, fairs and water parks. These shows often
contain a combination of normal diving, clown diving, fire diving, and high
diving. Clown divers delight the crowd with all sort of humorous antics.
Fire divers done protective clothing and set themselves on fire before diving
into the water. High Diving consists of acrobatic dives between 23 - 28
meters, from 75-90 feet up, many times into very shallow water of around
9 feet deep. When the diver takes off from a natural rock rather than a
man-made platform, it is reffered to as Cliff Diving. From that height,
the athlete has around 3 seconds before impacting on the surface of the
water. The speed when entering the water is between 78 km/h and 100 km/h.
Diving Events Rules
跳水规则
The individual medal diving events are the men's 3m springboard, the
men's 10m platform, the women's 3m springboard and the women's 10m platform.
Using "fancy" to describe diving is probably more apt for synchronized diving,
which made its Olympic debut at the 2000 Sydney Olympics. Synchronized diving
events consist of men's 3m and 10m and women's 3m and 10m. These events
consist of two divers leaving the platform or springboard simultaneously
and diving together. Usually the athletes perform the same dive, although
occasionally dives which complement each other are chosen. Divers must attempt
a set number of dives selected from each of the main diving groups. The
springboard competition consists of five groups: front, back, reverse, inward
and twisting. Platform competition includes those five groups, plus the
armstand dive. The United States has dominated the sport of diving, perhaps
to an even greater extent than any other sport at the Olympics. In the 1980s
the Chinese entered diving competition and posed the first serious threat
to American dominance. And now, China claims to be the dream team in diving,
being the target of envy on both the platform and springboard for years.
Led by such stars as Fu Mingxia and Xiong Ni, the team swept five out of
the eight gold medals on offer at the millennium Olympic Games in Sydney.
跳水的个人竞赛项目分为男子3 米跳板，男子10米跳台，女子3 米跳板和女子
10米跳台。“花式”用以描述双人跳水可能更确切。2000年悉尼奥运会上，双人跳
水第一次亮相，双人跳水项目分为男女3 米跳板和男女10米跳台，该项目要求两名
运动员同时起跳共同完成动作，通常运动员的动作是一致的，但有时也会选择互补
性动作。跳水运动员必须完成一定数量的动作，这些动作分别选自不同的组别。跳
板比赛有五组动作：向前，向后，反身，向内和转体。跳台比赛除上述五组动作外，
还有臂立跳水动作。美国在跳水上一直占有绝对优势，也许是其它任何奥运会项目
无法比拟的。二十世纪八十年代中国进军跳水项目，美国的霸主地位第一次受到威
胁。现在中国声明要成为跳水梦之队，数年来中国的跳台和跳板项目，一直是令人
嫉妒的对象，在伏明霞和熊倪等体育明星的带领下，将悉尼奥运会跳水比赛八枚金
牌中的五枚收入囊中。
In diving competitions, competitors perform a series of dives and are
awarded points up to 10, depending upon their elegance and skill. The points
are then adjusted for the degree of difficulty, based on the number and
types of maneuvers attempted, such as somersaults, pikes, tucks and twists.
A reverse 1.5 somersault with 4.5 twists, for example, is among the most
difficult. Judges are appointed by FINA, the international body governing
diving. If possible, the nationalities of the judges differ from the competitors.
The referee is in charge of the competition and makes sure all regulations
are followed. Judges rate both technique and style. Judges assess the diver's
approach, take-off, elevation, execution and entry. Individual diving events
have seven judges. For synchronized diving, four judges will assess the
divers' skills and five others will judge how the pairs match each other
in terms of height, distance from the springboard or platform, speed of
rotation and entry into the water. Five judges assess the synchronization
of the dives, and four award marks for execution. Two of the four judges
judging the execution focus on each diver's performance. The synchronization
judges focus exclusively on synchronization in the approach, take-off (including
similarity of height), coordinated timing of movements during flight, similarity
of entry angles, comparative distance from the board at entry, and simultaneous
entries. The highest and lowest scores awarded for both execution and synchronization
are discarded, and the final score is calculated in the same manner as other
dives. Each dive is considered without regard to the difficulty figure.
比赛中选手们将完成一系列跳水动作，每跳的满分为10分，按运动员动作的优
美性和技术性给分，然后评分将根据难度系数进行调整。难度系数以动作数量以及
翻腾，转体，屈体和抱膝等空中技术和姿势为基础，例如反身翻腾1 周半转体4 周
半，它的难度系数最大。裁判员由国际游泳联合会指定，这是负责跳水项目的国际
组织，如有可能，裁判员的国籍将不会同于选手的国籍，裁判长全面负责比赛工作，
确保一切活动按竞赛规程进行，裁判员按照技术和动作类型评分，对选手的助跑，
起跳，起跳高度，动作完成以及入水进行评定。单人比赛设7 名裁判员，而双人跳
水比赛中，4 名裁判员负责评定动作的技术质量，另5 名则评判选手的相互配合情
况，比如高度与板和台的距离，旋转速度以及入水情况。5 名裁判员评判动作的同
步性，4 名裁判员评判动作的完成质量，其中每2 名负责评判一名选手，评判同步
配合的裁判员专门负责评判动作的同步性，例如助跑，起跳，包括起跳高度的一致
性，空中动作配合的时间，入水角度的一致性，入水时与板或台的相对距离，入水
时间的一致性。技术质量和同步配合两方面的最高分和最低分都将被去掉，最后得
分的计算方法与其他项目相同，评判时不考虑难度系数。
More About Diving
跳水种类：
Standing dive 站立跳水：
A forward or backward facing dive from a standing position at the end
of the springboard or platform.
Arm stand dive臂立跳水：
A dive that begins from a handstand position, used only in platform
diving.
Running dive跑动跳水：
A dive performed with a walking or running approach.
Other Rules 其它规则：
The diver must be able to see the surface of the water during the dive,
and FINA has several requirements to ensure this. Springboards and platforms
in outdoor pools must face north in the northern hemisphere and south in
the southern hemisphere; this avoids glare from the sun, which lies to the
south in the northern hemisphere and to the north in the southern hemisphere.
For indoor pools and for diving at night in outdoor pools, lighting must
be sufficient. Any sources of illumination should prevent glare.
A smooth surface of water can make it difficult for athletes to judge
the distance to the water. Therefore, many competition pools have machines
that agitate the water under the springboards and platforms, making the
surface more visible. Some pools that host major events have elevators that
take divers to the top of the platform and underwater windows below the
surface of the pool for observers and television cameras.
Diving Techniques 跳水技术：
A basic dive has four distinct phases: the starting position, the take-off,
the in-flight maneuvers, and the entry into the water. Divers learn each
of these components by repeating the dive or skill over and over. Divers
also use skill progressions to learn more difficult dives. They first master
simple skills such as feetfirst jumps before learning body positions, alignment,
somersaults, and twists. These complex skills are often taught on dry land
using special equipment such as trampolines combined with safety harnesses
that can suspend the diver in the air with ropes. Foam pits that cushion
landings from low springboards are also used.
Approach跑台、走板：
Three or more steps a diver takes to the end of a springboard or platform
before take-off.
Take-off起跳：
A diver's lift-off from the board.
Elevation 腾空：
The height a diver achieves from a take-off.
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