排球的技术
Techniques of Volleyball 排球的技战术
When volleyball started out, there was a pretty basic plan to win the
game. Get the ball over the net to the other side in three hits or less.
It did not take long before the basic strategy of "set, spike" came about.
It was natural to develop a strategy that allowed for the smooth progression
of the set, spike. This is now referred to as the "4-2". The 4-2 offense
was one of the first strategic offenses used in volleyball. Each team has
4 hitters and 2 setters. The setters play opposite each other, so that one
is always in the front row and one is always in the back row. When in the
front row, the setter sets; when in the back row, the setter passes. Therefore,
there is always a setter and 2 hitters in the front row. In an effort to
have the most hitters or blockers on the front row at the same time, the
"6-2" system was developed. The key feature of the 6-2 offense is that there
are two setters on the court at a time opposite each other in the rotation
and the primary setter is the one in the back row. This means that the
three front row players, including the setter in the front row, are all
hitters or blockers.
为赢得比赛，在开局前都要做一个较为周密的布局安排。在把球击打至对方场
地之前，只能击球三次以下。最基本的二传和扣球策略可在短时间内做出。找到一
种使二传和扣球之间保持流畅的战略自然地提到日程上来。这种战略目前指的是四
二配备。四二配备是最先应用到排球进攻中的战略。每队有四名击球员和两名二传
手，二传手站成对角，这样前排和后排总是各有一个二传手；二传手站在前排时进
行二传，站在后排时进行一传。因此，在前排总有一名二传手和两名击球员。为了
使大多数击球员或拦网球员，能同时出现在前排，六二配备出现了。六二配备的主
要特点是：场上同时有两名二传手，他们在轮转中站对角，主力二传手站在后排。
也就是说，前排的三名队员，包括前排的二传手，都是击球员和拦网球员。
In a 6-2 system, how do you get into position? When your team is serving,
you can switch immediately, as soon as the server strikes the ball. When
the other team is serving, you must first receive the serve, then attack,
then switch. The back row setter plays defense first, if the other team
attacks, the back row setter might need to dig. There is also a 6-3 variant
where there are 3 setters on the court at a time. In this case the setter
who is in the right back (serving) or middle back position is usually the
primary setter. When two setters are in the back row the left back one is
just a regular defender. The setters in the front row are hitters and blockers.
Situations similar to the 6-3 may arise when rotating in additional players
from the side. The exact formations may vary slightly in this case but the
basic principles remain the same. The 5-1 is perhaps the most complicated
volleyball formation in volleyball to run. However, used correctly it can
be a very effective formation which can cause confusion for opponents. The
line-up is basic: one setter and five hitters. Unlike the 6-2, where there
are two setters who alternate between setting and hitting, in the 5-1, the
single setter must be fast, accurate and in good shape. Also, because of
the unique role of being a front row setter, it helps if the setter can
jump over the net for blocking and dinking. A setter, attacking or dumping
the ball on the second hit will ruin even the best defense's day.
在六二配备中队员应该如何就位呢？当本队发球时，在发球者击球的同时迅速
转换位置。在对方发球时，你必须首先接发球，然后进攻，之后换位。后排二传手
首先要防御。如果另一个队进攻，后排二传手可能需要救球。还有一种是六三配备
的变体，在场上同时有三名二传手。这时，位于右后场发球的二传手或者中后场的
二传手通常为主力二传手。当后排有两名二传手时，左后方的一位只是一名普通的
防守队员；前排的二传手是击球员和拦网队员。当本方的额外队员参加轮转时，类
似六三配备的阵容可能会形成。编队可能会以此为基础有一定的变化，但基本原理
不变。在排球比赛的跑动中，五一配备也许是最复杂的一种编队了。然而，正确的
应用会使它成为一种最为有效的编队，可以引发对手的混乱。队形的基础是：一名
二传手，五名击球员。与6-2 配备中两名二传手轮流进行二传和击球不同，5-1 配
备中的这名唯一的二传手必须动作迅速而准确，而且要随时保持最佳状态。由于这
名前排二传手任务的独特，如果他能够跳起拦网和吊球，将对球队大有帮助。在第
二次触球时，这名二传手的进攻或者二次进攻足以打破最佳的防守阵容。
A vital part of volleyball offense is the spike, a powerful smash over
the net. To spike the ball a player must jump high in the air, using good
timing in hitting the ball powerfully and placing it so that it is very
difficult to return. Back-row players may spike if their takeoff is from
behind the 3-meter attack line. A ball well placed, at varying heights and
near the net for a teammate to spike it, is called a set. A tip, or placement,
is a lightly hit ball deflected or dropped into the court of the opponents
and is used by a spiker to surprise opposing blockers when they anticipate
a spike. Single or multiple blocks are usually employed in volleyball. In
such a defense, one or more front-row players jump up on their side of the
net, with hands and arms placed in front of an attacking spiker, to hit
back the spiked ball or deflect it to a teammate who can then return it
across the net. In the indoor game, a block, while counting as a touch to
regain possession for a team, does not count as one of the three hits a
team is allowed on each possession. A number of skills contribute to successful
team play. One of these is an accurate service, to a weak spot on the opposing
side, delivered either with topspin and speed or as a deceptive floater
—that is, a ball that seems to wobble and slip uncertainly in the air.
Control is also important in receiving the service, and in recovering a
spike and deflecting the ball accurately to fellow team members.
排球进攻中的一个重要环节是扣球，即网上的大力击球。扣球时，运动员须高
高地跳起，选择合适的时机大力击球，使对方难以将球救起。后排队员也可以扣球，
条件是需在三米线后起跳。把球传到近网处的不同高度，以便队友扣球，称为二传。
当对方的拦网队员以为我方可能扣球时，我方的扣球者可以把球转向轻轻地吊入对
方场地，以取得奇袭的效果。单人或者多人拦网是排球中常用的技术，在这种防守
方式中，一个或者多个前排队员在本方网前跳起，把手臂伸向对方击球者身前以图
把球拦回或者使球改变方向，便于本方队友将球击回。在室内比赛中，当拦网使一
个队重新得以控球时，不计入本队拥有的三次触球之内。在团体运动中需综合运用
多种技能，其中之一就是准确的发球，使球落在对方场内防守最弱的位置。可以发
快速的上旋球或者有欺骗性的飘球。飘球是指球在空中摇摆、滑动、方向不定。控
制力也是很重要的，无论在接发球、接扣球或者将球准确地传给队友时都是如此。
More about Volleyball
System of volleyball排球的阵容配备：
Five-One (5-1) System 五一配备：
An offensive system that uses five spikers and one setter.
Four-Two (4-2) System 四二配备：
An offensive system using four spikers and two setters. The setters
are spikers when they are in the front row, and setters when they are in
the back row.
Six-Two (6-2) System 六二配备：
An offense with four spikers and two spiker/setters. The setters are
setters when they are in the front row, and defenders when they are in the
back row.
Spike (hit, smash; kill) 扣球：
l As you leave the floor to jump, pull the hitting arm back
with the elbow and hand at shoulder height or higher.
l The hand should be open and relaxed, with the palm facing
away from the ear.
l The elbow should swing forward and raise above the head.
l Then the arm and hand swing over the top as the hand contacts
the ball.
l This is followed by the palm and fingers, which then snap
through the ball.
l Contact point is slightly in front of and as high as possible
above the hitting shoulder.
正面上手扣球tennis smash
超手扣球super-hand spike; surpass the block hit; spike over the block
高点扣球high spike
重扣hard spike; powerhouse smash
轻扣half-speed spike; slow spike; pat hit; dink spike
假扣球feint spike
斜线扣球oblique spike; cross spike; crosscourt spike
小斜线扣球inner spike
直线扣球straight spike; line shot
远网扣球distance attack; far-net-toss spike
近网扣球near-net-toss spike
直臂扣球straight arm spike
钩手扣球hook smash; windmill smash
甩腕( 扣球动作)snap of wrist
平拉开扣球open spike
原地起跳扣球standing jump spike
助跑起跳扣球running jump spike
quick spike 快球：
近体快球quick-A, quick spike from close set
短平快球quick-B, quick spike from flat short set
背快球quick-C, quick spike from backward set; 也叫back one
背平快球( 背溜)quick-D, quick spike from backward short set
平拉开扣球open spike, quick spike from flat wide set
前快front slide, quick slide in front of the setter.
quick slide; alternate position spike 空间差：
It’s a quick attack that includes a takeoff and a broad jump along
the net.
前飞forward flight; front slide:
背飞backward flight, flight behind; back slide
单脚背飞One-footed back slide
delayed spike, spiking after delayed take off; pump 时间差：
That’s a play in which an attacker fakes spiking a quick set, and then
hits a medium-high set at the same location.
Set 二传：
l Start in the ready position facing the target.
l Spread fingers in the shape of the ball above the head.
l Form a triangle with thumbs and pointerfingers (hands should
not be touching)
l Place hands directly in front of the face close to the forehead.
This position is called neutral and is always the starting position for
the set.
volley pass; overhand pass双手头顶传球
set attack平传：
When a setter attempts to score rather than set the ball to a setter.
Also called a shoot set.
back set背传：
A set delivered behind the setter. A set made when the setter's back
is towards the hitter.
release set 调整传球：
High set, usually delivered to the left sideline, when the play goes
awry.
Pass and dig一传和救球：
The basic skill is called the "pass" when receiving the serve, and the
"dig" when handling an opponent's attack.
l Start in the "Ready Position"
l Straight arms away from the body
l Extend legs and move arms from shoulders
l Contact the ball on the FOREARMS
l Finish with hands pointing to target
pass一传：
Receiving a serve or the first contact of the ball with the intent to
control the ball to another player.
dig 救球：
Passing a spiked or rapidly hit ball. Slang for the art of retrieving
an attacked ball close to the floor.
dive鱼跃救球：
A defensive retrieval technique in which a player extends for a ball
near the floor, causing both feet to leave the floor. The player contacts
the ball with one or both arms and slides on the abdomen and thighs.
pancake 单手前扑救球：
That’s a one-handed defensive technique in which the player flattens
his hand against the floor in order to save the ball.
collapse半翻滚救球：
It’s a defensive posture where a defensive player sits over one heel
while playing a ball and rolls on his back. Used to play balls close to
the floor and to cushion hard spikes during retrieval attempts, this skill
is also known as a half roll.
extension roll翻滚救球：
That’s a defensive retrieval technique similar to a dive, except that
after contacting the ball with either one or two arms, the player turns
as the body contacts the floor and rolls as the momentum of the movement
carries the feet over the shoulder, returning the player to his or her feet.
Serve 发球:
l Stand facing the net with the foot opposite the hitting hand
forward.
l The ball is held at waist level.
l The player leans forward as they swing their arm foreward
and contact the ball.
l The hand holding the ball is dropped just before the contact.
l The player hits underneath the ball with the fist or heel
of the hand.
l The hitting arm follows through in the direction of the target.
underarm (underhand) serve下手发球：
A serve performed with an underhand striking action. The ball is usually
contacted with the heel of the hand.
overhand serve上手发球：
Serving the ball and striking it with the hand above the shoulder. A
serve performed with an overhand throwing action.
round-house (windmill) serve 抡臂发球：
The arm moves in a windmill action, and the ball is contacted directly
over the hitting shoulder.
jump serve跳发球
The server uses an approach, toss, takeoff and serves the ball with
a spiking motion while in the air.
跑动发球running serve
floater 飘球：
A serve with no spin that follows an erratic path. The ball is hit with
only a momentary point of contact and very little follow through.
勾手飘球hook float
上手飘球overhand float
砍式发球chopping serve
spin serve旋转球：
The server contacts the lower mid-section of the center of the ball;
he uses the heel of the hand to initially contact the ball and then uses
wrist snap to roll the hand over the ball, imparting topspin.
ceiling serve; lobbing serve; sky ball serve高吊球：
An underhand serve that is hit so high it looks like it is falling straight
down.
Block 拦网:
l Seal the net with your hands, thumbs pointing to the ceiling
a balls width apart, and arms locked.
l Whenever possible extend your arms across the net (penetration).
l Keep your shoulders square to the net.
l When you move along the net to block, plant so that you jump
straight up and down.
l Land in the same place from where you jump.
l Seal and be square to the net.
single block单人拦网：
double block双人拦网：
triple-block三人拦网：
Tactics 战术：
multiple-attack 多点进攻：
Offense consisting of plays where two or more players attack at different
places on the net at different times.
back row attack 后排进攻：
When a back row player takes off to jump behind the 10-foot/3-meter
line and attacks the ball.
fake cross交叉进攻：
A play that starts as a cross but changes the direction of its play-set
hitter with a veer.
Rotation轮次轮转：
The clockwise movement of players around the court and through the serving
position following a side out. Players must retain their initial rotational
order throughout the entire game, but once the ball is contacted on serve
they are allowed to move anywhere.
Swing 穿插跑动( 从场地一边到另一边) ：
To move from one sideline to the other, usually in approaching to attack;
a type of offense that uses the swing approach.
Tandem梯次进攻：
A combination in which one player attacks immediately behind another.
Libero
自由人
Coming from the Italian word meaning free, the libero position is a
new feature in the game of volleyball. Teams have great freedom in substituting
this specialized position. It was originally designed to create a role for
the smaller player in the men's game. The libero can substitute at any time
for a back row player, but cannot serve, spike or rotate into the front
zone; and is not allowed to set a ball to attack from in front of the three
meter line. It demands overhead receiving skills, unwavering confidence,
and great communication skills. The obvious trade off is that under the
libero rule, those two bigger players now get the chance to serve when they
would not have before. Since the libero is primarily a passer and is on
the court the majority of the time, this player can provide a steadying
influence that emanates from his/her ability to get the ball to the setter's
hands. In other words, the libero can consistently initiate the offense
with an accurate first touch. While the setter is the floor leader and the
middle blocker is the heart of the first line of defense, the libero should
control the serve receive. Many coaches will have their libero play center
back on defense, and thus count on this defender to be the most mobile and
to cover the most territory. The ability to chase down deflections off the
block beyond the back line demands that the defender be quick and efficient
in their moves toward deflected balls. A good libero must be able to anticipate
and then react.
自由人一词来自意大利语，意思即为自由的，是排球比赛中新增加的一个位置。
这个特殊的位置可以很自由地替换队员球队可以很自由的替换这个特殊的位置。设
立这个位置的初衷是在男子比赛中给小个子队员以一席之地。自由人可以在任何时
间替换后排队员，但是不能发球、扣球或者轮转至前排。自由人不得在三米线之前
参与传球进攻。自由人必须具备接过顶球的技术，有不可动摇的信心和卓越的沟通
能力。在自由人规则下，两名高个子队员得到了发球的机会，而在此之前他们得不
到这种机会。由于自由人主要是传球队员，而且大部分时间都在场上。在传球给二
传队员时，他以自己的技术对球队施加一种稳固的影响。换言之，自由人在场上总
能以自己精确的第一次触球发起进攻。二传手是场上的领导者，拦网队员是一线防
守的核心，而自由人则必须控制接发球。许多教练都会安排自由人在中后场进行防
守，使这位防守者得到最大限度的机动能力，运动范围覆盖场上的大部分区域。为
了追到拦网中击偏至底线的球，防守者必须快速有效的向来球方向移动。一个优秀
的自由人必须能判断出球的落点并做出反应。
More about Volleyball
Designation of libero 自由人的指派：
Each team has the right to designate among the list of 12 players one
(1) specialized defensive player “Libero”. The Libero must be recorded
on the scoresheet before the match in the special line reserved for this.
His/her number must also be recorded on the line-up sheet of the first set.
The Libero can be neither team captain nor game captain. In case of injury
of the designated Libero, and with the previous approval of the first referee,
the coach can re-designate as new Libero one of the players not on the court
at the moment of the re-designation.
Equipment of libero 自由人的装备：
The Libero player must wear a uniform (or jacket/bib for the re-designated
Libero) whose jersey at least must contrast in colour with that of the other
members of the team. The Libero uniform may have a different design, but
it must be numbered like the rest of the team members.
Libero replacements 自由人的替换：
When the Libero replaces a player in the back zone, it is not counted
as a substitution. These replacements are unlimited. Only the player whom
he/she replaced may replace the Libero. After the Libero is replaced, he/she
must stay out one rally before replacing another player in the back zone.
Replacements may take place: 1) at the start of the game after the 2nd referee
has checked the line-up and 2) while the ball is out of play before the
1st referee blows the whistle for service.
KEY WORDS 重点词汇
set
二传
spike
扣球
back one
背快
back slide
背飞
quick slide
位置差
pump
时间差
dig
救球
block
拦网
single block
单人拦网
multiple block
多人拦网
top spin
上旋球
floater
飘球
libero
自由人
应天故事汇(gsh.yzqz.cn)
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