棒球和垒球的历史
Chapter 53-History of Baseball Softball- 棒球和垒球的历史 Baseball,
棒球运动的历史悠久，在人类文明的早期，就有以棒击球的游戏。现代棒球运动起
源于美国，世界上第一次棒球比赛是1839年在美国纽约州举行的，1845Softball,
垒球运动是由棒球运动演变而来，其比赛方法、运动员职责等与棒球基本相同，只
是球场、球、棒和投手投球技术等方面略有不同。
年由亚历山大? 卡特赖特(Alexander Cartwright)制定了第一部竞赛规则，规
定了至今仍沿用的场地形状和尺寸。卡特赖特也因此被后人称为“棒球之父”。此
后棒球日益发展为世界性的体育项目之一。
Baseball is a game played with a hard ball and a bat between two teams
of nine players each. Baseball has become the national pastime of the United
States, vying in popularity with basketball and American football. It is
played throughout the world by people of all ages. Baseball is one of the
oldest and most popular spectator sports. The game as it is known today
developed during the early 1800s among children and amateur players. Today,
professional baseball attracts millions of spectators to ballparks each
year and entertains millions more through radio and television broadcasts.
Although it is clear that modern baseball developed in North America, the
exact origin of the game is difficult to determine. Most scholars believe
that baseball evolved from a variety of similar games that have been played
for centuries. A popular legend claims that Abner Doubleday, a Union officer
during the American Civil War, invented baseball in Cooperstown, New York,
in 1839. But there is little support for this story. There is evidence that
people played games involving a stick and a ball from the early days of
civilization. Ancient cultures in Persia, Egypt, and Greece played stick-and-ball
games for recreation and as part of certain ceremonies. Games of this type
had spread throughout Europe by the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century)
and became popular in a variety of forms. Europeans brought stick-and-ball
games to the American colonies as early as the 1600s. Until the late 1700s,
however, they were widely considered to be children's games. By the early
1800s, a variety of stick-and-ball games had become popular in North America.
Most of these games originated in England. Many people in northeastern cities
such as Boston, New York, and Philadelphia played cricket, a traditional
game of English aristocrats. But an English game called Rounders, which
was eventually played in rural and urban communities throughout North America,
most closely resembled modern baseball.
棒球是各有9 名队员的两队，使用球棒和球，进行比赛的运动。棒球作为美国
的“国球”，同篮球和橄榄球一样，在美国极为盛行。在世界其它地方，棒球也深
受不同年龄人们的喜爱。它是世界上最古老也最吸引人的运动。我们今天所知道的
棒球运动，是从19世纪初的一种儿童和民间游戏发展演变而来的。今天，职业棒球
比赛吸引了成千上万的观众，也为亿万关心它的广播和电视观众带来了无穷的乐趣。
众所周知，现代棒球运动起源于北美，但是它的确切渊源却很难断定。大多数学者
认为，棒球是从多种古老而又相近的运动发展、演变而来的。还有一种颇具传奇色
彩的说法认为：棒球是由美国内战时期的陆军军官阿布纳·道布尔戴，于1839年在
纽约库珀斯敦发明的。但是，这种说法的争议很大。据考证，在人类文明的早期，
就有以棒击球的游戏。古代人类文明的摇篮波斯、埃及和希腊，以棒击球的运动既
是消遣活动，也是庆典仪式的项目。到了中世纪，这种游戏以不同的形式流传于欧
洲。17世纪初，欧洲人把这种以棒击球的游戏带到他们在美洲的殖民地。到了18世
纪末，以棒击球还只是孩子们的游戏。19世纪初期，几种以棒击球的游戏在北美开
展。这些游戏大多源自英国。许多在东北部城市的人玩板球，例如波士顿、纽约和
费城等地，板球是一种盛行于英国贵族的传统游戏。而在乡村和郊区，一种叫圆场
棒球的英国游戏却深受人们的喜爱，这是与现代棒球最为接近的运动。
By the 1820s and 1830s baseball had become a common form of recreation,
played according to local customs throughout Northeastern America. Early
forms of baseball were played in cities such as New York, Boston, Philadelphia,
and Rochester as well as in many rural towns and villages. People in some
communities formed clubs especially to play the game. But elements of Rounders,
such as plugging the runner, remained common, and baseball lacked official
rules or formal organization. The most important early organized baseball
club was formed in 1845 by a group of young men in New York City. This group,
led by Alexander Cartwright and later by Dr. Daniel L. Adams, called their
club the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club. The Knickerbockers developed a set
of 20 rules —14 governing play and 6 relating to administration—that became
the foundation of modern baseball. These rules, first published in 1845,
defined the playing field with a home plate and three additional bases set
apart at specific distances. They also abolished plugging and replaced it
with the practice of tagging runners or forcing them out at a base. On June
19, 1846, the Knickerbockers played in what is widely considered the first
modern baseball game. They met another organized baseball team called the
New York Club in what is now Hoboken, in New Jersey, and played a complete
game according to the Knickerbocker rules. The Knickerbockers lost, 23-1.
The Knickerbocker ’s style of play spread rapidly during the 1850s, when
baseball clubs formed throughout New York City and adopted the new rules.
By the late 1850s the game's popularity had spread beyond the city, and
it became known as the New York Game. By the mid-1850s crowds of several
thousand were not uncommon at baseball games in the New York City area.
The New York Game spread more rapidly during the Civil War as Union soldiers
introduced the game in places where they traveled. By the end of the war
in 1865, the game had become the most popular variety of baseball throughout
the country. Soon after, the name New York Game disappeared —it became
simply Baseball.
1820年到1830年间，棒球已经成为美国东北部地区的大众休闲运动，比赛形式
有着极强的地区特色。纽约、波士顿、费城和罗切斯特等城市，以及一些乡村小镇
上开始举行早期的棒球比赛。有些社区还成立了棒球俱乐部。但是圆场棒球的一些
要素，如用球掷打跑垒员等，仍被保留了下来。但那时的棒球还没有完善的规则和
正规的组织。1845年，纽约的一群年轻人成立了棒球俱乐部，为后来棒球运动的发
展奠定了基础。这个俱乐部以亚历山大·卡特赖特和后来的亚当斯为首，把他们的
俱乐部命名为纽约人棒球俱乐部。他们制订了一套20条的棒球比赛规则—其中14条
指导比赛，6 条涉及棒球管理，这一举措，在棒球史上具有重要的意义。1845年制
定的这些规则，规定了有本垒的场地和3 个距离不等的垒位。此外，还规定禁止用
球直接掷打跑垒员使之出局的触杀方法，而代之以持球触击出局。1846年6 月19日，
在新泽西洲的霍博肯，首次按新的统一规则举行棒球比赛，由“纽约人队”对“纽
约九人队”。尽管纽约人队以1 比23输给了纽约九人队，但他们的比赛规则却由此
推广开来。到19世纪50年代，纽约成立了一大批棒球俱乐部，这一规则也被普遍采
纳。19世纪50年代中期，纽约附近举行的棒球比赛，几千名观众来观看并不少见。
这种纽约游戏，在美国内战期间，被士兵们传播到美国各地。到了战争结束的1865
年，纽约游戏已经成为各种棒球形式中流传最广的运动。逐渐，棒球取代了纽约游
戏这一名称。
More about Baseball
The International Baseball Federation (IBAF)国际棒球联合会：[1]
Founded in 1938, the IBAF is the International BAseball Federation recognized
by the International Olympic Committee. Established in Lausanne, the Olympic
Capital, since 1994 and counting 112 National Federation members, the IBAF
organizes the Baseball World Cup, World Championships in their different
categories, the Intercontinental Cup and the Baseball Olympic Tournament,
securing the development and expansion of this sport all over the world.
Olympic History of Baseball 棒球在奥运会上的历史：
American baseball was contested in the Olympics as a demonstration sport
in 1912, 1936, 1956, 1964, 1984 and 1988. Finnish baseball (pes?pallo) was
a demonstration sport during the 1952 Helsinki Games. American baseball
became a full medal sport in Barcelona in 1992, while the similar sport
of softball was added to the Olympic programme in 1996. The United States
no longer dominates this sport in international play, as the Cubans and
several Central American countries produce excellent teams.
Baseball’s Competition in the Olympic Games奥运会上棒球的赛制：
Teams qualify through regional series that produce two teams each from
the Americas, Europe and Asia and another from a playoff between the top
teams from Oceania and Africa.
At the Games, each team plays the other seven once, and the top four
teams advance to the semi-finals. The first-placed team then plays the fourth-placed
team, and the second plays the third. The winners of those semi-finals meet
to decide the gold and silver medals, with the two losing teams playing
for the bronze.
Equipment of baseball and softball棒球和垒球的装备[2] ：
Ball球：
The ball is formed by a core of cork, two covers of rubber, three covers
of woolen and cotton yarns and all of it covered with two stripes of white
horsehide stitched together with a red yarn.
Baseball:
The baseball is between 22.9cm and 23.5cm in circumference, and weigh
between 141.7g and 148.8g.
Softball:
The softball is between 30.2cm and 30.8cm in circumference, and weigh
between 178.0g and 198.4g.
Gloves手套：
In order to catch the ball easily, the defensive players use different
kinds of gloves according to their positions:
Catcher's mitt
First baseman's glove
Outfielder's glove
Infielder's glove
Mitt
Five-finger glove
Mitt连指手套：
Catcher's mitt (more padded to soften the pitcher's pitches, a diameter
of max. 87 cm). Used by the catcher only.
First baseman glove: longer, to catch his defensive teammates' balls
(a maximum length of 30 cm). Used by the first baseman only.
Five-finger glove 分指手套：
Infielder's: smaller and more manageable. Used by the second baseman,
third baseman and shortstop. The Pitcher's glove is usually mid to large
sized to hide the pitch from the batter and to protect themselves from line
drives.
Outfielder's: bigger to facilitate catching balls in flight. Used by
the left fielder, center fielder and right fielder.
Bat 球棒：
The bat is used during the offensive phase to hit the ball delivered
by the opposing pitcher as far away as possible, or to place it in the areas
less protected by the defense. It can be made of metal (usually aluminum)
or also of wood (ash).
Baseball:
The bat's maximum diameter, in its biggest part, is 7 cm. The bat's
maximum length is 106 cm. The bat's maximum weight is non-limited.
Softball:
The bat's maximum diameter, in its biggest part, is 5.7 cm. The bat's
maximum length is 86.4 cm. The bat's maximum weight is 1077.0g.
Helmets 头盔：
The players at bat use a helmet to protect themselves from unexpected
and uncontrolled pitches from the opposing pitcher.
Catcher's protective equipment接手保护装备：
The defensive player who occupies the position of catcher (i.e. the
one who catches the pitches) wears a special protection composed of a mask,
helmet, chest protector, shin guards. This protects him from the ball hit
by the bat or also from uncontrolled pitches of the pitcher. The catcher
uses a glove which is particularly padded to soften the impact of fast pitches
from the pitcher.
Softball
垒球
Softball, a game similar to baseball, is played with a ball called a
softball. Most of the rules of play for softball are similar to those of
baseball, with differences in pitch speed, equipment, and field size. Softball
has three major classifications: fast-pitch, slow-pitch, and modified-pitch.
There are both men's and women's divisions. In 1887 softball was invented
as an indoor sport by George Hancock of the Chicago Board of Trade. The
first games took place inside the Farragut Boat Club in Chicago. In 1895
Lewis Rober, a member of the Minneapolis, Minnesota, fire department, invented
outdoor softball and called it Kitten League Ball, later shortened to Kitten
Ball. Robert invented the game to keep the firemen in shape and busy during
the time they spent at the firehouse. In subsequent years the popularity
of Kitten Ball spread throughout the United States. In 1922 the name Kitten
Ball was changed to Diamond Ball. The name softball was not developed until
1926, when Walter Hakanson of the Denver, Colorado, Young Men's Christian
Association (YMCA) conceived of it while attending a meeting in Greeley,
Colorado, to form the Colorado Amateur Softball Association. In 1933 the
first national amateur softball tournament in the United States took place
in Chicago, in conjunction with that year's World's Fair. The softball tournament
was staged by two American sports enthusiasts, Leo Fischer and Michael J.
Pauley, and it provided a basis for a permanent national softball organization
in the United States, the ASA. Softball's popularity continued to grow and
to spread internationally. By the mid-1990s it was played in more than 85
countries under the auspices of the International Softball Federation (ISF),
the international governing body of the sport. The ISF was founded in 1952
and is located in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The first ISF Women's World Championship
was held in 1965 in Melbourne, Australia, and the first ISF Men's World
Championship was held in 1966 in Mexico City. Both were played in the fast-pitch
classification. World championships for boys' and girls' fast-pitch softball
were first played in 1981. Women's fast-pitch softball debuted as a medal
sport at the 1996 Olympic Summer Games in Atlanta.
垒球运动，与棒球运动相似，只不过使用的球是软球。垒球的基本规则与棒球
一样。它与棒球的主要区别在于投球速度、器材和场地。垒球分快式、慢式和变换
式三种，还有男子和女子比赛之分。1887年，芝加哥商会的乔治·汉考克发明了室
内垒球，并在芝加哥法拉格特划船俱乐部举行了首次比赛。1895年明尼苏达洲的一
名消防队员路易斯·罗博，把垒球从室内搬到室外，发明了室外垒球，称之为“小
猫球”。罗伯的这一发明是为了更有效地组织消防员。很快，这一运动就流传到美
国各地。1922年，“小猫球”又被定名为“方块球”。1926年，在科罗拉多洲的丹
佛青年基督教协会的沃尔特·哈康森建议把它定名为垒球，并成立了科罗拉多业余
垒球协会。1933年，在芝加哥世界博览会上，两位狂热的体育迷—利奥·菲舍和迈
克尔·鲍雷筹办了第一次全国业余垒球比赛，这为后来建立全国垒球组织奠定了基
础。垒球在美国普及的同时，也传播到世界其它国家。到了20世纪90年代中期，在
垒球运动的管理机构—国际垒球联合会的领导下，垒球运动已在八十多个国家广泛
开展。国际垒球联合会是1952年在美国俄克拉何马洲的俄克拉何马市成立的。1965
年，国际垒联在澳大利亚的墨尔本举行了第一届女子垒球世界锦标赛。1966年，在
墨西哥城举办了第一届男子垒球世界锦标赛。这两次比赛都采用快投式。1981年，
国际垒联举办了第一届男子和女子青少年的快式垒球比赛。1996年亚特兰大奥运会
上，女子快式垒球被列为正式比赛项目。
More about Softball
The International Softball Federation (ISF) 国际垒球联合会：
The International Softball Federation (ISF) is the governing body of
softball internationally as recognized by the International Olympic Committee
(IOC) and the General Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF).
The ISF organizes and conducts world championship competition in women's
and men's fast pitch, junior women's and men's fast pitch, women, men and
coed slow pitch and women and men's modified pitch. The ISF sanctions regional
championships and provides technical support to Regional (Multi-Sport) Games.
Additionally the ISF qualifies teams for Olympic softball competition in
coordination with the IOC. The ISF provides the official playing rules for
international competition including but not limited to: Olympic Games, world
championships, regional championships, regional Games and other sanctioned
competitions. The ISF has over 124 member nations. [3] These members are
the softball federations /associations of different nations all over the
world.
Softball has three major classifications: fast-pitch, slow-pitch, and
modified-pitch.
Softball consists of several disciplines: fast pitch, slow pitch, and
modified fast pitch. The pitches for these different variations are all
underhand. The speeds of the tossed ball goes as the name says. Fast pitch
allows two main underhand pitching deliveries; one that involves an entire
revolution and the other where the pitchers arm comes back and then forward.
Slow pitch requires the pitcher to lob the ball underhanded with an arc
that reaches a minimum height of 1.83 meters and a maximum height of 3.66
meters. A modified fast pitch allows underhand deliveries but the arm must
not make a complete revolution around the shoulder socket. Internationally,
fast pitch is the dominant game. In the United States, slow pitch is played
by millions of people in recreational leagues.
World championships in fast pitch softball were first held in 1965 for
women and 1966 for men. Slow-pitch world championships began in 1987, and
the competition will resume in Florida (USA) in June of 2002. The first
world competition for junior men and women was held in 1981 and a World
Cup for age 16-under girls began in 2001.
Page: Softball’s Competition in the Olympic Games奥运会上垒球的赛制
：佩奇制
Eight teams compete at the Olympic Games in the discipline of women's
fast pitch. The host country automatically has a spot because they are the
host team, and the other seven teams qualify through world championships
and various regional Olympic Qualifiers.
The teams compete in a single pool, playing each of the other seven
once. The top four teams advance to the semi-finals, with the first-placed
team playing the second-placed team and the third playing the fourth. The
loser between teams 1 and 2 then plays the winner between teams 3 and 4,
with that winner playing the winner between teams 1 and 2 for the championship.
This Is Not Baseball! 垒球和棒球的区别：
Although the two games are very similar, several nuances exist between
baseball and softball that set them apart. In softball the ball is larger
and softer; pitching is done underhand; the dimensions of the playing field
are smaller; the bases are closer together; and the pitcher throws at a
distance closer to home plate. There is no base leading or stealing allowed
(runners may not move off a base until the pitched ball either crosses home
plate or is hit by the batter); and if a pitcher balks, illegally moving
his or her feet off the pitching plate while a runner is on base, a runner
is not awarded a free base - the pitch is deemed a ball instead.
Inning (or frame) 棒球和垒球的局：
每局分为top 上半局和bottom下半局，上下半局双方互换攻守。
The inning is completed when both teams have had their turn on the offensive
position (while the opposing players were on the defensive position).
A baseball game is generally nine innings long. A fast pitch softball
game is generally seven innings long. Each inning is divided into two halves:
top and bottom. Usually, to start a game teams flip a coin to decide which
side will bat first. On the league matches, the visiting team always bats
in the first half (top) of the inning. Both teams are allowed three outs
per half inning. If a game ends in a tie, extra innings are played until
one team outscores the other.
Professional Baseball
职业棒球
As baseball's popularity grew, many people began to see the potential
for financial gain. By the 1850s, landowners were regularly maintaining
baseball parks to rent to baseball clubs. Baseball teams customarily collected
donations from fans to cover the costs. The first fully enclosed baseball
park, the Union Grounds in Brooklyn, was completed in 1862. This style of
park soon became popular because owners could sell food and drink to spectators
without competition from street vendors. The National Association of Base
Ball Players (NABBP), an organization formed in 1858, prohibited members
from taking payment for playing baseball. During the early 1860s ballpark
owners earned large profits while the amateur ball players provided free
entertainment. Pressure from players eventually forced the NABBP to change
its policy in 1868 and allow players to accept money. This ruling marked
the birth of professional baseball. The first professional baseball team,
the Cincinnati Red Stockings, began playing in 1869. They traveled the country
that year, playing before thousands of fans and winning 60 games without
loss. Soon baseball's promoters began forming professional baseball clubs
in cities across the Northeastern and Midwestern United States. By 1870
professional players outnumbered amateurs in the NABBP and the remaining
amateurs withdrew. In 1871 the organization became the National Association
of Professional Baseball Players. The new National Association represented
players from ten clubs. In effect, these clubs made up the first professional
baseball league. They introduced the practice of league competition and
concluded their regular season with a pennant race and championship. However,
the National Association suffered from poor management and by 1876 it had
folded completely.
随着棒球在美国的普及，越来越多的人认识到棒球的经济价值。到了19世纪50
年代，土地拥有者们开始开辟棒球场，出租给俱乐部。棒球队则以接受球迷捐赠为
经济来源，支付费用。1862年，在纽约布鲁克林建立了第一个全封闭的棒球球场。
很快，这种球场就被争相效仿，因为球场主可以向观众出售食物和饮料，而不必担
心与街头小贩们的竞争。1858年，全国棒球运动员协会成立了，禁止会员接受比赛
佣金。19世纪60年代早期，业余棒球球员为比赛免费提供娱乐表演，球场主们从中
获利不菲。1868年，来自球员的压力最终致使了全国棒球运动员协会不得不改变政
策，允许球员接受比赛佣金。这个政策标志着棒球运动开始走向职业化。1869年，
第一支职业棒球队—辛辛那提红袜队开始参加比赛。同年，他们到美国各地循环比
赛，在数千球迷的欢呼声中，创造了连胜60场的不朽战绩。很快，许多东北部和中
西部的职业球队也联合起来，组成各种联盟。1870年，美国棒球运动员协会的职业
球员人数超过了业余球员，剩下的业余球员退出联盟。1871年，全国棒联改组为全
国职业棒球运动员协会。这一新的全国协会，代表10个俱乐部的职业运动员，实际
上这些俱乐部组成了历史上第一个职业棒球联盟。他们主办联盟间比赛，以锦标赛
决出赛季冠军。但是，由于管理不善，1876年全国协会被迫停止。
More about Professional Baseball
Major League Baseball （MLB ）美国职业棒球大联盟：
Major league baseball represents the highest level of baseball competition
in North America. It includes teams from the United States and Canada. The
major leagues are divided into the National League (NL) and the American
League (AL). The teams of each league are grouped into three divisions within
their league. In both the NL and AL, the divisions are called the East Division,
the Central Division, and the West Division.
The major league baseball season lasts from April (or late March) to
October and includes the regular season, the playoffs, and the World Series.
Teams play 162 games during the regular season. The team with the most victories
in each division becomes the division winner and earns the right to compete
in the playoffs. The team with the best record in each league after the
division winners also is included in the playoffs as a wild-card team.
Each league holds a separate playoff, featuring their three division
winners and the wild-card team. These teams are paired and face each other
in a series of games. The teams that win the most games in a series earn
the right to move on to the next round of playoffs. The final series in
the league playoffs determines which team wins the pennant, or championship,
of their league. The NL and AL pennant winners meet in the World Series,
and the winner of this series becomes the major league world champion.
The major leagues also hold an annual competition called the All-Star
Game, which matches a team of NL players against a team of AL players. Baseball
fans select the starting players in the game. It takes place during the
All-Star break, a period in the middle of the regular season during which
teams temporarily rest from competition.
Team Management 职业球队的管理：
Every Major League Baseball team is part of a baseball club, which includes
the team, the owner, and the team management. The owner may be an individual,
a group, or a corporation. Club owners provide the money that a team needs
to operate. They work with the team management to organize activities such
as running a stadium and selling tickets and concessions.
Club owners and management recruit players for the team. The complicated
system of recruitment and payment of players is controlled by strict league
rules, which involve the number of players clubs may have and the contracts,
or agreements, that clubs and players sign. A union, called the Major League
Players Association, advises players in these matters.
KEY WORDS 重点词汇
baseball
棒球
ballpark
棒球场
rounders
圆场棒球
Knickerbockers
纽约人队
home base
本垒
base
垒位
foul lines
界外线
softball
垒球
pitch speed
投球速度
fast-pitch
快式投球
slow-pitch
慢式投球
modified-pitch
变换式投球
International Softball Federation (ISF)
国际垒球联合会
应天故事汇(gsh.yzqz.cn)
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